Sarojini Naidu Poet and Politician of India

The Victoria Secret Industrys Influence on Women in Society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1213 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Social Media Essay Did you like this example? Popular culture has portrayed a large influence on society for decades now. It defines how we as human beings perceive reality and the outlook we have on body image. The effect of popular culture helps us establish a bond within our community and strengthen the interaction with others. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Victoria Secret Industrys Influence on Women in Society" essay for you Create order In todays generation, we are surrounded by pop culture. Things like TV shows, movies, music, or even magazines are all factors that hold a society together and gives a sense of shared identity and meaning that encourages people to live their life a certain way; however we see more of a negative impact that pop culture has on todays humanity. The media industry portrays how women should be viewed in size and beauty. Social media and shows like the Victoria Secret fashion show influence how women should perceive their bodies. The Victoria Secret Fashion Show is an annual event that takes place in cities around the globe. Within every year of the show, you have models like Gigi Hadid and Kendall Jenner walking down the runway with either lingerie or the signature clothing of Victoria Secret the angel wings. You have models going down the aisle with bras that emphasize their breast and underwear which highlights their thin waists and long legs. The models in the show are portrayed as angels because according to society they have achieved the perfection of how beauty is perceived in todays society. For example, according to Americas Terrifying Beauty Standards, Serena Fix explains what society thinks the ideal beauty standard should be interpreted as. In her article she states how, a woman should have big breasts and a big butt. She should also have a flat stomach. Fix explains that society and social media try to convey to females that being skinny and tall is the definition of beauty. She tries to show the audience that in order to achieve that perfect body, females have to lose weight and have the average height of five feet and ten inches (Fix, 2018). In most religions, angels are defined as spiritual beings that serve God. However, throughout popular culture, they are represented in different ways. For instance, in childrens television shows/cartoons, a toddler with wings is known as cupid. In movies like Cinderella, the fairy Godmother symbolizes a caring, affectionate idol to the princess that mostly focuses on allocating the soul purpose of helping Cinderella. She is not perceived as what todays society defines angels as. On the contrary, in the Victoria Secret fashion industry, the angels are slim females with a curvy physic, which is what the media now thinks the definition of an angel is. The models in Victorias Secret are referred as angels because according to social media this is how you should define beauty. Angels are looked upon as role models to many; nevertheless , mass media twists the definition of what an angel should be portrayed as. Instead of being all about good behavior and the good morals a person should have, the media tries to emphasize their image as sexy goddesses. Females around the country adore the show, and many of their fans consider the models as idols they look up to. According to Veronica Granja-Sierra, women tend to compare their bodies to visual flawless figures of the Victoria Secret supermodels. (Elite Daily, 2013). This statement essentially describes how social media has a huge role on how females interpret how their body should be perceived. The media emphasizes the importance of Victoria Secret only because it underlines the ideal womens body to people across the globe. This makes the female viewers more diffident about their bodies because they believe that they should look a certain way which is what the media wants. When women turn on the television to watch this show, they start to ask themselves how they can achieve the perfect body like the stars on the show. Granja-Sierra states that, by the end of the show, the self esteem of female viewers is mostly out the door. Meaning that when they look at these supermodels, the f emale viewers start to believe that they are not beautiful and they can never reach the high status of a supermodels body. Social media continues playing a central role in the lives of females. For instance, shows like Victoria Secret fashion show try to portray women as a sexy, tall, and slim female with thin curves and less body mass. According to a Today Show article written by Rheana Murray, 60 percent of women from all age groups said that they wouldnt post a photo of themselves on social media unless they loved the way they looked. Nevertheless, looking at these statistics, you see how social media plays a crucial role on a females life. Every day, women across the country are being pressured by the media because of the expectations that they publicize for women. For instance, females at a young age are already feeling pressured to look a certain way. Author Veronica Granja-Sierra states that, after the age of 14, girls increasingly become their own worst beauty critics (Elite Daily, 2013). Media overall, like movies and magazines encourage females to lose weight because being overweight is not con sidered attractivethis only harms them and lowers their self-esteem. For instance, according to Meredith Watkins, 20 million American women experience an eating disorder at some point in their lifetime (ProjectKnow, 2018). This basically shows how popular culture today affects the way we think, behave and act. Many women across the country are surrounded by thin, curvy females constantly in magazines, billboards, advertisements, and newspapers. These things exploit unrealistic depictions degrading womens bodies and a sense of how they should appear in public. The Victoria Secret Fashion Show is known as an American identity that Americans claim as their own. The show has American raised models, for example, Adriana Lima. The annual shows take place in different countries each year; however, it embraces the American beauty standards throughout the world. Going back to how Americans define beauty, the standards are different outside of the United States. In contrast, Koreans believe that along with a tiny psychic, they focus more on the face rather than the body. The author of Womens by Aghavni declares that, Koreans will consider you beautiful if you have clear, light skin and a small face with double eyelids. Thus, Korean standards are different than what Americans distinguish beauty as. The American Victoria Secret models leave their mark when on the runway because of their angel wings that represent their American self identity. The wings symbolize beauty, power, and fulfillment of what the media standards of allure are. To conclude, the Victoria Secret industry puts an image in societys head of how a women should be perceived as. Everyday, the media exploits certain expectations of how a female should be distinguished in society. American media and culture have echoed a way of thinking for American society. They have influenced women nationally through them constantly looking at billboards, magazines, newspapers that convey a certain status of looks that a woman should have. It affects females drastically and their mental and physical health. We are surrounded by the unrealistic American beauty identity which causes females to doubt themselves, thus causing them to pay thousands for a plastic surgery that would meet American standards.

Preparing America For Middle Skill Work Essay - 714 Words

Introduction Preparing America for Middle-Skill Work is a short interview with Anthony Carnevale. Anthony Carnevale is the Executive Director of Georgetown s Center on Education and is considered a workforce guru. The article delves into the perceived shortage of middle skill workers, both now and in the future. Carnevale discusses the need for a new paradigm of education and what the United States can do to fill this ever-increasing need. Summary Carnevale cites statistics claiming over 30% of new jobs created in America between 2010 and 2020 will necessitate middle skills. He also asserts the correlation of middle skills and income. Well over half of middle-skills jobs pay over $35,000 per year with nearly 15% making over $75,000.00. Furthermore, Carnevale claims over 30% of associate degree bearing jobs pay more than entry level bachelor of arts positions. According to Anthony Carnevale, community colleges are idyllic for training middle skilled workers due to their unique combination of practical, technical, and academic education. Community colleges must continue their mission of supplying a skilled workforce while simultaneously fulfilling the need of youth and adults alike to become productive citizens leading a full life. Community colleges serve local populations, nontraditional students, and provide internships and mentoring. These qualities create the foundation of the community college mandate, and Carn evale believes these institutionsShow MoreRelatedFinland And American Education System854 Words   |  4 Pagesage of seven years old, where as in America the students start school when they reach the age of five. Finland also doesn’t focus on testing their younger students. Instead, they focus on play and teaching their younger students how to understand their way of think and learn. Finland doesn’t start testing their students until they enter the fourth grade, around the age of twelve. In America the testing starts when some students enter pre-kindergarten. In America the Bush-era law requires that studentsRead MoreThe International Level Through Foreign Language Acquisition And Increased Global Cultural Knowledge1634 Words   |  7 PagesIn a rapid globalizing world, America is not prepared to continue outshining other nations. Year after year, countries throughout the globe are better preparing young individuals in the mathematics, science and engineering fields. Students are better equipped to collaborate at the international level through foreign language acquisition and increased global cultural knowledge. New generations bring new ideas, goals and standards, thus the rational ignorance of American citizens will further preventRead MoreProject Classroom Makeover, By Cathy Davidson1169 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish and humanities professor at Duke University. 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Even our most academically talented students tend to let personal interest triumph over the common goodRead MoreIs American Education Upholding Its Standards?976 Words   |  4 PagesIs American Education Upholding Its Standards? The idea of education is that it properly educates students. American schools teach a variety of subjects over 12 years of schooling. The skills taught are supposed to prepare students for adult life. These skills range from basic math and english to more complex knowledge for those going to college. Students are supposed to graduate with some common knowledge. Most of the more advance learning comes from high schools. This is where they learn how toRead More The Debate Over Standardized Testing Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesIn classrooms all across America, students sit perched over their desks in the process of taking standardized tests. 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As the age-old saying goes â€Å"I’ve lived another day, and I haven’t used algebra once.† Algebra might be something that every student should understand, should they be faced with a situation where the understandingRead MoreAffirmative Action - Pros and Cons Essay1057 Words   |  5 Pagesthat field. The argument is that, in time, all citizens will expect a diverse workforce. It should be known, however, that not all of the groups said to benefit from Affirmative Action are automatically in favour of it. For instance, while preparing this paper, an African-American friend whose parents are successful professionals, stated that she did not believe that she should obtain special consideration by virtue of her ethnicity. She said that her grandparents had enjoyed their lives ofRead MoreCultural Backgrounds And Community Attitudes Prevent Girls From Attending Schools And Thereby Act1322 Words   |  6 Pagesand behavioral, where there are illegal ultrasounds for sex determination. 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Taking a fine art allowed me to free my mind from limited knowledge and

Fat Man Little Boy - 3852 Words

â€Å"Fat Man and Little Boy† starring Paul Newman By: Lara Brown Misty Corbett Joanne W. Hix Markette Plummer Stacee Sloan Management 5120 Organizational Design and Change Professor Warren Watson 10/25/09 1. Draw the organizational design for how Groves and Oppenheimer set up the Project. Describe how would you redesign or modify their organization to be more effective. Show this in a drawing. Be sure to describe how your modification is different from the original organization. Also, describe the basic design characteristics (key business processes, key supporting processes, deliberations, integration mechanisms, and interdependencies) in the atom bomb project, as it existed in the film, and any changes in these factors in†¦show more content†¦Once the appropriate organizational structure was established, the culture, morals, values and ethics evolved. However, Groves and Oppenheimer did, some additional things in terms of organizational design that aided in integration, specifically to handle conflict resolution and re-focusing in a crisis situation. Roles were defined for both Groves and Oppenheimer, such as when Oppenheimer requested from Groves to allow him to manage inside the lab and Groves can manage outside of the lab. This role division allows for differentiation of management styles to meet the functional needs. Authority and control were also well established by the great minds that came to play in meeting each rigorous deadline. For instance when Groves communicated to Oppenheimer that open discussion at the cantina was not acceptable, Oppenheimer defended this approach and used his authority and control to negotiate a compromise with Groves. The final initiative made by Groves and Oppenheimer to integrate the diverse organizational types was to develop functional teams. The function of each team was to meet their goal, within a 19-month deadline. The teams were comprised of intelligent men who pride themselves on progress and creativity. These teams not only served the purpose to meet the goal of their â€Å"function† but also to stimulate each other and challenge each other. Each member was competing against theShow MoreRelatedWhat Are the Positive and Negative Aspects of the Aromic Bomb?1520 Words   |  7 Pagesoperation known as The Manhattan Project achieved its goal - to create the first atomic bomb. Since its inception in 1939, scientist had struggled to find a way to harness the power of fission. Through the combined efforts of many, a test bomb known as Fat Boy was finally created. On July 16, 1945 in a desert in New Mexico the worlds first nuclear test, codenamed Trinity, was conducted and usher ed in the Atomic Age. 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Unilever in Brazil Free Essays

string(52) " business with respect to the low-income consumers\." The Importance for cleanliness and to make clothes smell good has lead to growing penetration of the detergent powder portrays a cultural influence on the consumers buying behavior. The various reasons that the consumers mentioned for using detergent powder is described in Exhibit . Attribute Importance, Brand Positioning, And Consumer Expectations In the North East Exhibit 1 Source: – Milliner Research Cleanliness which has a 24% Importance helps to determine the motivation of the consumers; they believe that cleanliness Is part of their social status; It also caters to heir need for being part of the society. We will write a custom essay sample on Unilever in Brazil or any similar topic only for you Order Now Only 28% household own a washing machine and the rest 72% household†s washing attitude (behavior) is to scrub the clothes with laundry soap and then add bleach to remove tough stains and only add a little detergent powder at the end to make the clothes smell good. So their perception about detergent powder Is that It Is only for good smell. In the EN, people consider washing clothes as more of a leisure activity because the activity is generally taken up outdoors (physical environment), in the nearby ponds where people can socialize amongst each other. This is an Important aspect of the culture of EN, which differentiates it from the people of SE. As the social needs (Moscow†s hierarchy of needs theory) of the people are reflected in cloth-washing activity. The influences of mother in the decision making process is substantial in the case of detergents(FMC). Moreover the frequency of washing clothes is higher as they believe that cleanliness of clothes reflect on the responsibility taking behavior of the mother. Low income consumers were attached to boxes and regarded anything else as good for only second-rate products. Mom is positioned specifically to be used in gashing machine which shows that it is targeted for the people belonging to a higher social class. Southeast Region: The lifestyle of people of this region is better than EN which is evident from the 67% of households owning a washing machine. The washing attitude Is more using a machine than hand wash. Hence the consumption of detergent powder Is more as against EN. Their learning from the washing experience is that hard stains are not cleaned in a washing machine in spite of using the most expensive Ana Test product. So teen need to use laundry soaps Tort cleaning ten tough stains on collars. This behavior has led to an 88. % penetration of laundry soaps. Players and brands in Brazil and their strategy: Milliner is the leading player in the detergents industry with a market share of 81%, with the detergent division in the cash-cow phase (as outlined in the BCC growth-market share matrix), helping the company generate funds to fuel the growth of its upcoming segments of home-care and personal-care products, which were still at a nascent stage. The market structure could be considered as a duopoly, with Milliner and PG as the major players in the organized market. The market has been broadly categorized into the detergent odder and the laundry soap segments. The former is predominantly used in the SE part, while people in the EN used it in little quantity to make the fabric smell good. Hence, the growth of this segment was comparatively higher (stood at 17% against 6% for laundry soaps). The entry barriers were quite high for the detergent powder segment because of high investment in terms of the capital outlay, as sophisticated processes and machines were used in the manufacturing process. At 75%, Milliner†s share of the EN detergent market is below its national average as against PGs market share which is slightly above its sectional average. The local brands make up for only 8% of the share. A detailed breakup of the market share of each of the brands is shown in exhibit 2. Market Share and Wholesale Price of Major Brands in the Laundry Soap and Detergent powder categories in Northeast in 1996 senses Detergent Powder 70. 00% 60. 00% 50. 00% 40. 00% 30. 00% 20. 00% 10. 00% 0. 0% Laundry Shop Exhibit 2 Source: – Nielsen On the other hand, the laundry soap segment had low entry barriers because of the ease of the manufacturing process for soaps, as it could be produced relatively easily using animal fats and oils. The water in EN is soft as compared to SE region. Thus the amount of foam created is more leading to a higher usage and also appealing the consumers. Milliner faced competition in this segment from other established local players, like AS whose br and BEMA-tee-vi had an market share. SOOT ANALYSIS Strengths: 1. Milliner is leading the detergent powder category with 81% market share achieved with mainly three brands; Mom one of Brazil†s favorite brands across all categories; Minerva the only brand to be sold as both detergent powder and laundry soap; and Campfire, Milliner†s cheapest brand. . Brand Recognition: a. Milliner brands have a good market position as it was a pioneer of the consumer goods industry in Brazil. As against the other brands in the market, Milliner products have the higher % of brand knowledge, market penetration and top-of-mind awareness. Weakness: 1 . Distribution: Milliner is lacking the expertise in distribution of its products among the small outlets. In approximately 75,000 small outlets it is hard to find any of the Milliner products. Local distribution is important as the low-income consumers rarely shop in large supermarkets like Wall-mart. . Price: EN is a price sensitive region. For such consumers price = quality. So Milliner†s premium brand, Mom is perceived as a high quality at a premium position, while the other Milliner brands are considered to be of inferior quality. . Mom is regarded as the best product while the others are hardly able to satisfy the customers† expectations. 4. No prior knowledge or experience of dealing with low-income consumers. Opportunities: 1 . The EN market has good scope for growth. There is a big possibility of better business with respect to the low-income consumers. You read "Unilever in Brazil" in category "Papers" 2. PG has not entered into the laundry soap mark et. So Milliner only has a few local competitors. And since the usage of laundry soap is the maximum in EN, Milliner can capture the market for laundry soap. 3. The purchasing power of the low-income consumer has grown by 27% during 1995-96 which will probably lead to an increase in the usage of detergent. 4. The EN is 48 million predominantly low-income consumers whose consumption is 42,000 tons of detergent and 81 ,250 tons of laundry soap which is a big number. 5. Brazilian government is providing tax incentives to encourage investments in EN. 6. EN women wash frequently (5 times per week). Cleanliness is part of their culture. Also the symbolic value they attach to cleanliness is of high regard. . 28% of EN has washing machines. 8. Popularity of laundry soaps is higher in EN region due to the softness of the water in this region. Threat 1 . Brazil (EN) has illiteracy rate of 40% which can lead to unemployment. Such factors can have an adverse effect on the purchasing power. 2. PG is a strong competitor in detergent powder market with Ace ranking third in the market share. 3. The RD of PG as a whole is far advanced than Milliner. Strategy for Milliner in Brazil Marketing communications strategy options (Chris Fill, 2005, Peg. 32) Strategy Pull Push Profile Target audience Consumers End-user bib customers Channel intermediaries All relevant stakeholders Message focus Product/ service Product/service The organization Communication goal Purchase Purchase Developing relationships and distribution network Building reputation The push strategy is aimed at pushing the product through the channel intermediaries and then finally to the end users. Whereas a pull strategy is aimed at pulling the consumers to retailers. A successful marketing involves a mixture of push through the trade and pull from consumers and thus the two areas are not mutually exclusive. , Peg unlived can Implement ten Tooling strategies: 1 . Push Strategy (Promotional Strategy) (Chris Fill, 2005) Manufacturer Wholesaler or Distributor Direction of Communication Retailer or value-added reseller Consumer or buyer The consumers in Brazil have a strong brand knowledge and top of mind awareness for the Milliner products. Mom is regarded as one of the premium products and does not have a close competitor. But this product is beyond the budget of the low- income consumers and hence the people of this particular sector cannot afford this brand. But by taking the advantage of the brand success, there are two options that Milliner can adopt: 1 . Launch a completely new product under the brand name of Mom with different detergent formulae. 2. Use one of the brands that satisfy the requirements of the low-consumer of a detergent from its existing portfolio. There is a disadvantage with the 1st option; the cost involved in the RD in formulating a detergent from the scratch would be an additional expense in the budget. In option 2 t is not certain if the launch of an existing brand from the portfolio will be interpreted the way it is expected. The risk involved in the 2nd option is higher than the price factor in option 1. Thus option 1 although involves more time is a much wiser decision. Hence under the brand extension, launch a new product under the Mom brand (family) umbrella. Therefore the marketing mix (4 AS) for this strategy would be: Product: Package the product in different quantities of games, games and 1 keg so that it is affordable for people having either a weekly or a monthly budget. Like every other product of Milliner let this new product also be distributed in boxes as the low-income consumers consider anything other than a box to be inferior. At the same time design the packaging in such a way that it protects the contents from humidity and also very attractive to pull the attention of the buyers. Include pictures of popular parties like Carnival so that people can relate it to their rich cultural background. Price: Keep the price of this new product definitely less than Mom but almost of the same range as Campfire since for the low-income consumers price= (is equal to) quality. Hence lesser the price, the more it is vulnerable to be perceived as a low standard product. The wholesale price of Campfire is 1. 7/keg so the pricing for the new product could be between 1. 5 and 1. 7 per keg. Promotion: Promotions in this case rules out some of the forms like personal selling as the targeted market is very large, also television marketing as most of the people are low-income families, even magazine ads as most of them are illiterate. So the forms that will make an impact on the consumers are: direct marketing, buzz, word of mouth, banners with simple messages relating to the cultural and religious history EN has. Concentrate on visibility of the products in small stores so that when customers enter the store they should realize that there is a new product which is catering to their needs, this way create an Montreal Impact on ten minas AT ten consumers Tort Tanat product. Place: Milliner lacks the distribution skill in EN. More than 75,000 small outlets don†t have any of the Milliner products. So the first step towards placing the new product is to make sure Milliner does a strategic distribution among the small outlets as the consumers in EN usually shop at a nearby store instead of going to large stores. Also considering the fact that 21% of consumers in SE are in the social class E, the new product should be carefully placed among the small outlets even in the SE region. 2. Pull Strategy(Selling Strategy) (Chris Fill, 2005) Communication Flow Originator or manufacturer Wholesaler Flow of goods and services Retailer Customer The consumption of laundry soap in Brazil is (6. 8+20. 4) keg and the detergent consumption is (12. 9+11. 4) keg. These figures reveal a very important fact that many of the consumers are still tied to laundry soap and so by using the â€Å"pull† strategy, Milliner should attract these laundry soap consumers towards detergent powder. The pull strategy is successful when people have brand awareness and go to the shop to buy a particular product. So considering the washing habit (detergent powder in a very small quantity only for good smell), one of the ways of pulling the customers towards the detergent usage is by giving a small sachet of the new product for free with every purchase of a laundry soap(Minerva). By doing this the consumers would be forced to use the product and if the performance of the new product is convincing to them then the chances of people switching to detergent is tie high, which in turn will increase the brand recognition of the new product and as a result it would be a success of the pull strategy. Also once the consumers start buying the new product reward them by putting some coupons inside the packaging so that the consumers are motivated to buy it the next time. Moreover, certain freebies like a container to store the detergent, a spoon to measure the quantity of detergent to be used in a given amount of water, can be deployed during the initial phases of launch of the product. One more way to increase the brand awareness of the new product is to vive a demonstration of the new product in and around the small outlets or at places most visited by the targeted consumers. Refill packs should be produced, and the product should be made available across all locations, because of the very nature of the product which is that it is a low-involvement one, and people would not travel long distances to buy the product. Since the product is targeted to a low-income and price sensitive segment, the company should make sure that it optimizes the distribution network and save on the logistics cost so as to transfer the benefits to he end consumer. While the product is gaining more brand loyalty, the producer/ manufacturer should make sure that the new product is available on all the shelves (small stores, large malls) Tanat consumers can possibly reach out to. 0 encourage this give suitable incentives/rewards to the dealers. Thus convince the retailers to stock up in response to the demand created for the new product. The success of the new product can be achieved by striking a perfect balance between the push and pull strategies. So push or launch the product into the market and create awareness or the same and through the pull strategy create a strong affinity for the new product thus converting the laundry soap users to detergent powder. How to cite Unilever in Brazil, Papers

Communism Still Poses a Threat free essay sample

Threat Communism has always been in the world causing terror to all small poor nations. These poor nations are hoping that the communism nations will not take them over and force them to change from free to communist government. Unfortunately, communism still poses a threat to the free world. Communism is the idea of not owning private property, instead the government owns the industry, and everyone receives the same amount of money for doing different jobs. This idea began in the French Revolution. The poor countries are the only ones that need a better government; so they turn to communism as their answer. The Soviet Union tried communism, but it was devastated. I think that communism just makes things worse. It is a system where there is full control by the government. The government tells you where to live, what to do, and how to do it. The leaders get rich while the country gets poorer and poorer. We will write a custom essay sample on Communism Still Poses a Threat or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In my opinion, communism is connected to culture and religion. China and Russia are the two main countries that spread communism. Even though Russia is no longer a communist country it did spread its way of life to Cuba and North Korea. Russia’s Soviet Union believed that there should be no religion in their nation. If there is no religion they need something to fill the gap; they excepted communism to fill that gap. The Soviet Union spread its belief of no religion, its need for stability, and communism to Cuba. Currently half of North Korea believes in no religion. The other half believes in spirits and ancient traditions set down by the Chinese. 2 Through the Soviet Union and China’s efforts, North Korea became a communist nation. Vietnam is a mixture of Chinese and Thai people. They believe in Buddhism and Cunfucianism; two religions that originated in China. Therefore Vietnam is communist. Laos is strongly supported by Vietnam and China. The Laos people believe in Buddhism and are communist. With communism comes struggles, hardship, and terror. Thousands of Cubans try to escape their communist country by floating in small rafts hoping to hit United State’s hores. Laos is the same way. Escaping their country could be deadly if they are caught, but they are willing to risk it. Vietnam’s economy is suffering because the government relocates people away from the shores that supply them with their most important industry. China and North Korea are so concerned about keeping tradition that they do not advance in any industry and agriculture. Communism can spread by people bringing their way of life with the people comes their beliefs with the beliefs comes the government. If that does not work, they definitely have enough fire power with nuclear bombs and man power to spread communism. Communists pose a threat to the free world. There is no doubt in my mind.

Calculating Distance Between Tow Points on Earth Surface Using Gps Coordinates free essay sample

DISTANCE CALCULATION Because of the near-spherical shape of the Earth (technically an oblate spheroid) , calculating an accurate distance between two points requires the use of spherical geometry and trigonometric math functions. However, you can calculate an approximate distance using much simpler math functions. For many applications the approximate distance calculation provides sufficient accuracy with much less complexity. The following approximate distance calculations are relatively simple, but can produce distance errors of 10 percent of more. These approximate calculations are performed using latitude and longitude values in degrees. The first approximation requires only simple math functions: Approximate distance in miles: sqrt(x * x + y * y) where x = 69. 1 * (lat2 lat1) and y = 53. 0 * (lon2 lon1) You can improve the accuracy of this approximate distance calculation by adding the cosine math function Improved approximate distance in miles: sqrt(x * x + y * y) where x = 69. 1 * (lat2 lat1) and y = 69. 1 * (lon2 lon1) * cos(lat1/57. 3) If you need greater accuracy, you can use the Great Circle Distance Formula. We will write a custom essay sample on Calculating Distance Between Tow Points on Earth Surface Using Gps Coordinates or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This formula requires use of spherical geometry and a high level of floating point mathematical accuracy about 15 digits of accuracy (sometimes called double-precision). In order to use this formula properly make sure your software application or programming language is capable of double-precision floating point calculations. In addition, the trig math functions used in this formula require conversion of the latitude and longitude values from decimal degrees to radians. To convert latitude or longitude from decimal degrees to radians, divide the latitude and longitude values in this database by 180/pi, or approximately 57. 9577951. The radius of the Earth is assumed to be 6,378. 8 kilometers, or 3,963. 0 miles. If you convert all latitude and longitude values in the database to radians before the calculation, use this equation: Great Circle Distance Formula using radians: 3963. 0 * arccos[sin(lat1) * sin(lat2) + cos(lat1) * cos(lat2) * cos(lon2 lon1)] If you do NOT first convert th e latitude and longitude values in the database to radians, you must include the degrees-to-radians conversion in the calculation. Substituting degrees for radians, the formula becomes: Great Circle Distance Formula using decimal degrees 963. 0 * arccos[sin(lat1/57. 2958) * sin(lat2/57. 2958) + cos(lat1/57. 2958) * cos(lat2/57. 2958) * cos(lon2/57. 2958 -lon1/57. 2958)] OR r * acos[sin(lat1) * sin(lat2) + cos(lat1) * cos(lat2) * cos(lon2 lon1)] Where r is the radius of the earth in whatever units you desire. r=3437. 74677 (nautical miles) r=6378. 7 (kilometers) r=3963. 0 (statute miles) If the software application or programming language you are using has no arccosine function, you can calculate the same result using the arctangent function, which most applications and languages do support. Use the following equation: 3963. 0 * arctan[sqrt(1-x^2)/x] where x = [sin(lat1/57. 2958) * sin(lat2/57. 2958)] + [cos(lat1/57. 2958) * cos(lat2/57. 2958) * cos(lon2/57. 2958 lon1/57. 2958)] If your distance calculations produce wildly incorrect results, check for these possible problems: 1. Did you convert the latitude and longitude values from degrees to radians? Trigonometric math functions such as sine and cosine normally require conversion of degrees to radians, as described above. 2. Are the equations implemented correctly with necessary parentheses? Remember the old math precedence rule MDAS multiply, divide, add, subtract. 3. Does your software application or programming language provide sufficient mathematical accuracy? For best results, you need about 15 digits of accuracy. 4. When you imported the data from the text files your latitude/longitude values may have been truncated. Make sure you did not lose any of the digits to the right of the decimal point during import. 5. Have you lost any precision of your decimal values due to rounding during importing or calling custom math functions